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		<title>Monoclonal Antibodies to Human Autoantibodies GAD65  for  Early Detection  Type 1 Diabetic Patients via Hybridoma Technology</title>
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		<dc:creator>aulanibiochem</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Aulanni'am]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[DM tipe 1]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hybridoma Technology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mab auto GAD65]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Monoclonal Antibodies to Human Autoantibodies GAD65  for  Early Detection  Type 1 Diabetic Patients via Hybridoma Technology Aulanni’am*, Djoko W. Soetamadji*** and Sutiman B. Sumitro***Biochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department , **  Biomolecular Laboratory, Biology Departmen,  Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, ** School of Medicine, Brawijya University  AbstractType 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic autoimmune disease resulting in [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=aulanibiochem.wordpress.com&amp;blog=2931645&amp;post=6&amp;subd=aulanibiochem&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="Section1"><b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;">Monoclonal Antibodies to Human Autoantibodies GAD<sub>65</sub><span>  </span>for<span>  </span>Early Detection<span>  </span>Type 1 Diabetic Patients via Hybridoma Technology</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family:Arial;"><font size="2">Aulanni’am*, Djoko W. Soetamadji*** and Sutiman B. Sumitro**</font></span></b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">*Biochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department , **<span>  </span>Biomolecular Laboratory, Biology Departmen,<span>  </span>Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, ** </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">School</span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;"> of </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">Medicine</span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">, </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">Brawijya</span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">University</span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;"></span><b><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">Abstract</span></b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic autoimmune disease resulting in destruction of pancreatic beta cells, and<span>   </span>is considered a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease;<span>  </span>Persistent humoral autoimmunity to the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD<sub>65</sub>) has been described in a<span>  </span>substantial proportion of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. <span style="color:black;">Recent advances in monoclonal antibody technology are enabling the development of new methods for detecting pathomechanism of diseases. </span>Seven research stages were conducted<span>  </span>to construct<span>  </span>monoclonal antibodies to human autoantibodies<span>  </span>GAD<sub>65</sub> (MAb-h-GAD<sub>65</sub> abs). Stage 1, collection<span>  </span>human<span>  </span>autoantibodies<span>  </span>GAD<sub>65 </sub><span> </span>from<span>  </span>type 1 diabetic patients,<span>  </span>stage II, Immunisized mouse Balb/c<span>  </span>by human<span>  </span>autoantibodies<span>  </span>GAD<sub>65</sub>, stage III, Collecting<span>   </span>spleen cells from a mouse that has been immunized with the desired antigen, stage IV<span>  </span>Fussion<span>  </span>spleen cells<span>  </span>with myeloma cells, stage<span>  </span>V, Hybridoma screening , stage VI,<span>  </span>single cell cloning<span>  </span>and<span>  </span>Monoclonal antibody production and characterization. The Result showed that<span>  </span>MAb-h-GAD<sub>65</sub> abs conjugated by alkaline phosphatase were produced<span>  </span>both hybridoma cell and ascites fluid<span>  </span>positively reacted with serum of type 1 diabetic patients<span>  </span>by immunoblotting technique. It can be concluded that MAb-h-GAD<sub>65</sub> abs conjugated by alkaline phosphatase should<span>  </span>prove useful in predicting <strong><span style="font-weight:normal;background:white;font-family:Arial;"><span> </span></span></strong>and<span>  </span>have possibility to develop<span>  </span>as a reagent detection for<span>  </span>type 1 diabetic patients. </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman';"> </span><b><i><span style="font-size:8pt;color:black;font-family:Arial;">Keywords: </span></i></b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">Type<span>  </span>1 Diabetes mellitus;<span>   </span>Monoclonal antibody, Glutamic acid decarboxylase<span>  </span>( GAD<sub>65</sub>) autoantibodies</span><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:black;font-family:'Times New Roman';"> </span></b></div>
<p><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;color:black;font-family:'Times New Roman';"><br />
</span></b><b><span style="font-size:8pt;color:black;font-family:Arial;">1. Introduction<span style="text-transform:uppercase;"></span></span></b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an organ-specific <span> </span>autoimmune disease characterized </span><span style="font-size:8pt;color:black;font-family:Arial;">by T cell-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells <span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">Humoral autoimmunity directed towards islet cell antigens in type 1 diabetes mellitus has been studied extensively. Islet cell antibodies (</span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">ICA</span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">) were the first identified [1,2],<span>  </span>followed by insulin autoantibodies (IAA) [3]. Antibodies<span>  </span>to two isoforms of GAD with molecular<span>  </span>weights 65,000 kDa (GAD65) and 67,000 <span> </span>kDa (GAD67)<span>  </span>have been also identified [2,3]. The smaller molecular<span>  </span>weight antigen, GAD65, is the predominant<span>  </span>form found in human islets of pancreas [5] and<span>  </span>has been shown to be the major target of antibodies<span>  </span>in human diabetes mellitus [5, 6]. GAD antibodies<span>  </span><span> </span>may be an attractive marker for the prediction and diagnosis of diabetes because longitudinal<span>  </span>studies have revealed little change in levels of GAD65 antibodies before and after the onset of<span>  </span>diabetes [<span style="color:black;">7,8]</span>. Eiji et al. (2003) reported that the prevalence of </span><span style="font-size:8pt;color:black;font-family:Arial;">the frequency of GAD autoantibodies was from 34% of those aged 25-35 at diagnosis to 7% of those aged 55-65. </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">Circulating antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADab) are a major indicator for autoimmune destruction<span>  </span>of pancreatic islet cells (type 1 diabetes).</span><span style="font-size:8pt;color:black;font-family:Arial;"> </span><b><span style="font-size:8pt;color:black;font-family:Arial;">2. Experimental method</span></b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">To produce MAb-h-GAD<sub>65</sub> abs<span>  </span>immunization was carried out using single protein band of autoantibody GAD<sub>65</sub> collected<span>  </span>from type 1 diabetic patients sera. The preparation of autoantibody GAD<sub>65</sub> were collected by SDS-PAGE technique. The human autoantibody GAD<sub>65</sub> as antigen was<span>  </span>injected intraperitoneally into two female BALB/c mice. After 3 weeks the animals received ‘booster’ doses twice with autoantibody GAD<sub>65</sub><span>  </span>(at 1-week intervals), after which the spleen cells were prepared and fused with an exponentially growing NS0 myeloma cell line using polyethylene glycol [6]. After 2 weeks in selection medium and isolation of positive cells, and were cloned to select hybridomas with a high mAb production. The cells producing the most mAb were used to prepare large quantities of mAb, purified through a Sephadex G25 column [6]. The purified mAb was used in different<span>  </span>technique (Dot blot, Weatern Blot and ELISA)<span>  </span>after establishing the appropriate dilution.</span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span></p>
<h4><b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">Dot blot</span></b></h4>
<p><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">Dot blots were carried out as described by Aulanni’am<i>.</i>[2005]; 3 cm<sup>2</sup> Nitrocelllulose<span>  </span>membranes (NC) were cut and activated in PBS<span>  </span>and<span>   </span>10 µL of<span>  </span>autoantibody GAD<sub>65</sub> (10 µL/dot) was coated in NC<span>  </span>and allowed to bind. The papers were incubated 2 hours in blocking buffer containing 5% (w/v) milk powder in PBS. They were washed three times in PBS-T and incubated with primary <span class="searchterm0">antibody</span> for 1 h. After three washes in PBS-T with and without 0.05% Tween-20 the membranes were incubated with 1/750 dilution rabbit antimouse alkalin phosphatase conjugate (Sigma) for 1 h. After further washes, they were exposed toalkalin phosphatase substrate consisting of 0.21 mg/mL Nitro Blue Tetrazolium and 0.42 mg/mL Bromo- 4-chloro-3-indoxyl-phosphate in Tris buffer. The reaction was terminated by rinsing with fresh water. </span></p>
<h4><b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">SDS-PAGE and Western blotting</span></b></h4>
<p><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">Standard methods of SDS-PAGE and Western blotting were used [6]. The resolving gel was set at 12% (v/v) concentration, and isolate autoantibody GAD volume 35 µL/lane was loaded and run at a constant current of 10 mA. The transfer was attained at a constant current of 150 mA for overnight to NC membrane. After transfer the membrane was washed in PBS + NaN<sub>3</sub> and immersed in 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolylphosphate/nitroblue tetrazolium (BCIP/NBT) substrate buffer to develop the band patterns. </span></p>
<h2><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">3. Results and discussion<span style="text-transform:uppercase;"> <span style="color:black;"></span></span></span></h2>
<p><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">Spleen cells were collected form rats that induced by human autoantibodies<span>  </span>GAD65 from type 1 diabetic patients.<span>  </span>For preparing hybridoma cells that<span>  </span>produce MAb-h-GAD65 abs, we used Myeloma cell NS0 collected from PUSVETMA, </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">Surabaya</span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">. </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">Cell fusion produced 98 hybridomas and on screening these, 15 were selected with the following positive profile when tested using ELISA technique. Supernatant from one cell population producing clones was purified, the trapped MAb eluted and collected fractions tested. Fraction Mab showed the maximum protein concentration (as measured by the optical density at 280 nm) and maximum <span class="searchterm0">antibody</span> activity, as tested by dot blot assay </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">Using a sera prepared from type 1 diabetic<span>  </span>patients<span>  </span>as an immunogen were positively reacted with our product, namely MAb-<i>h</i>-GAD65-abs conjugated by Alkaline Phosphatase (AP).<span>   </span>Analysis of its molecular weight corfirmed by SDS-PAGE and titre of MAb-h-GAD65-abs measured by ELISA reader. We have developed a simple, reproducible and rapid method to detect GAD<sub>65 </sub>human autoantibodies using MAb-h-GAD65 abs Alkali Phosphatase conjugated that confirmed by western blot technique </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">Using this MAb-<i>h</i>-GAD<sub>65</sub> abs resulted by this study, 85 % of serum samples from diagnosed IDDM patients were positive for GAD<sub>65</sub> autoantibodies, thereby showing that the positive rate of this method is comparable to that found in IDDM by other researchers using human rec GAD<sub>65</sub> kit and shows a high specificity 92%. In addition, using Mab-<i>h</i>-GAD<sub>65</sub> abs, by Western blot technique, we demonstrated<span>  </span>that<span>  </span>Mab-h-GAD<sub>65</sub><span>  </span>conjugated by alkaline phosphate positively reacted<span>  </span>with sera type 1 diabetic patients.</span><span style="font-size:8pt;text-transform:uppercase;color:black;font-family:Arial;"> </span><span style="font-size:8pt;text-transform:uppercase;color:black;font-family:Arial;"> </span><b><span style="font-size:8pt;text-transform:uppercase;color:black;font-family:Arial;">4. C</span></b><b><span style="font-size:8pt;color:black;font-family:Arial;">onclusions <span style="text-transform:uppercase;"></span></span></b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">In conclusion, these results suggest that our result will be useful for detecting anti-GAD65 autoantibodies. It can be used in preclinical IDDM designed to evaluate the predictive value of GAD65 autoantibodies, if necessary in combination with other metabolic, genetic and immunological disease markers.</span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span><b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">Acknowledgements</span></b><b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span></b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">This Study was supported by INSENTIF Funding From MENRISTEK; We thank also to Dr. Uun Yanuhar for skillful technical assistance of culture hybridoma cell.</span><b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">References</span></b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;"><span>1.<span style="font:7pt 'Times New Roman';">   </span></span></span><span style="font-size:8pt;color:black;font-family:Arial;">Lohmann, T.,Kellner K. and Verlohren V.J. <i>.</i> 2001. </span><span style="font-size:8pt;color:black;font-family:Arial;">Titre and combination of ICA and autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase discriminate two clinically distinct types of latent <span class="searchterm01"><span style="font-weight:normal;"><font size="+0">autoimmune diabetes</font></span></span> in adults (LADA). <span class="journaltitle3"><em>Diabetologia</em></span> <span class="volume5"><span style="font-weight:normal;">44</span></span><b>: </b>1005–1010. </span><b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;font-variant:small-caps;"><span>2.<span style="font:7pt 'Times New Roman';">   </span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">Eiji K., N. Abiru, F.Sun., T.Fukushuma, R. Takahashi, H. Kuwahara, N. Fujita,<span>  </span>A. Kita, K. Oshima, S. Uotani, H. Yamasaki, Y. Yamaguchi,<span>  </span>and K.Eguchi. 2003. </span><span style="font-size:8pt;color:black;font-family:Arial;">Epitope Analysis of <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">GAD65 </span>Autoantibodies in Japanese Patients with Autoimmune Diabetes. Annal of The New York Academy of Sciences 1005 (1), 440-448</span><b><span style="font-size:8pt;color:black;font-family:Arial;font-variant:small-caps;"></span></b><b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;font-variant:small-caps;"><span>3.<span style="font:7pt 'Times New Roman';">   </span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">Juneja, R., I.B. Hirsch, R.G. Naik, <i>et al.</i> 2001. Islet cell antibodies and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies, but not the clinical phenotype, help to identify type 1(1/2) <span class="searchterm01"><span style="font-weight:normal;"><font size="+0">diabetes</font></span></span> in patients presenting with type 2 <span class="searchterm01"><span style="font-weight:normal;"><font size="+0">diabetes</font></span></span><b>.</b> <span class="journaltitle3"><span style="color:black;"><em>Metabolism</em></span></span> <span class="volume5"><span style="font-weight:normal;color:black;">50</span></span>: 1008–1013. </span><b><span style="font-size:8pt;color:black;font-family:Arial;font-variant:small-caps;"></span></b><b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;font-variant:small-caps;"><span>4.<span style="font:7pt 'Times New Roman';">   </span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">Petersen, J.S., K.R. Hejnaes, A. Moody, <i>et al.</i> 1994. </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">Detection of GAD65 antibodies in <span class="searchterm01"><span style="font-weight:normal;"><font size="+0">diabetes</font></span></span> and other <span class="searchterm01"><span style="font-weight:normal;"><font size="+0">autoimmune</font></span></span> diseases using a simple radioligand assay. <span class="searchterm02"><span style="font-weight:normal;"><em><font size="+0">Diabetes</font></em></span></span><b> </b><span class="volume5"><span style="font-weight:normal;color:black;">43</span></span>: 459–467.</span><b><span style="font-size:8pt;color:black;font-family:Arial;font-variant:small-caps;"></span></b><b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;font-variant:small-caps;"><span>5.<span style="font:7pt 'Times New Roman';">   </span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">Soeatmadji</span><b><span style="font-size:8pt;color:black;font-family:Arial;font-variant:small-caps;"> </span></b><span style="font-size:8pt;color:black;font-family:Arial;font-variant:small-caps;">DW<b>., </b></span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">Aulanni’am and Sumitro, SB</span><b><span style="font-size:8pt;color:black;font-family:Arial;font-variant:small-caps;">.<span>  </span></span></b><span style="font-size:8pt;color:black;font-family:Arial;font-variant:small-caps;">2005.</span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;"> Detection<span>  </span>of<span>  </span>GAD65 Autoantibodies of Type 1 Diabetes Using Anti-GAD65 abs Reagent Produced<span>  </span>From Bovine Brain. 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Presented at Nasional Seminar PERKENI,<span>  </span>Batu, July, 2007<b><span style="color:black;font-variant:small-caps;"></span></b></span><b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;font-variant:small-caps;"><span>7.<span style="font:7pt 'Times New Roman';">   </span></span></span></b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">Birch, J.R., J. Bonnerjea, S. Flatman, and S. Vranch (1995). <strong><span style="font-weight:normal;font-family:Arial;">The production of monoclonal antibodies.</span></strong> In: <em><span style="font-style:normal;font-family:Arial;">Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Applications</span></em> J.R. Birch and E.S. 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(1995). <strong><span style="font-weight:normal;font-family:Arial;">Separation of monoclonal antibodies from cell-culture supernatants and ascites fluid using thiophilic agarose.</span></strong><b> </b><em><span style="font-style:normal;font-family:Arial;">Methods in Molecular Biology</span></em><i> 45:177-81, ISSN:1064-3745.</i><span style="color:black;font-variant:small-caps;"></span></span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;font-variant:small-caps;"><span>9.<span style="font:7pt 'Times New Roman';">   </span></span></span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">Davis, W.C. (1995). <span>Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 45. Monoclonal antibody protocols.</span> Humana Press Inc.: </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">Totowa</span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">, </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">NJ</span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">, </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">USA</span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial;">, 264p., ISBN:0-89603-308-2.<span style="color:black;font-variant:small-caps;"></span></span></p>
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		<title>PERKEMBANGAN  LITBANG  BIOMOLEKULER MENDUKUNG OBAT TRADISIONAL  MENUJU EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE</title>
		<link>http://aulanibiochem.wordpress.com/2008/03/19/perkembangan-litbang-biomolekuler-mendukung-obat-tradisional-menuju-evidence-based-medicine/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 19 Mar 2008 02:40:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>aulanibiochem</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Aulanni'am]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Litbang Biomolekuler]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Obat Tradisional]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Pendahuluan Penggunaan obat tradisional  merupakan warisan turun temurun dari nenek moyang kita  dan  keberadaannya terkait dengan budaya bangsa Indonesia.  Beberapa obat yang sekarang digunakanpun  berbasis dari herbal atau satu kandungannya adalah berasal dari tanaman, diantarnya diperoleh melalui proses ekstraksi atau sintesis meniru komponen yang terkandung dari tanaman. Indonesia termasuk salah satu negara “megadiversity” yang kaya [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=aulanibiochem.wordpress.com&amp;blog=2931645&amp;post=4&amp;subd=aulanibiochem&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p align="center"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;"><a href="http://aulanibiochem.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/jamu1.jpg" title="jamu"><img src="http://aulanibiochem.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/jamu1.jpg?w=500" alt="jamu" /></a></span></b></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;">Pendahuluan</span></b></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;"></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;">Penggunaan obat tradisional  merupakan warisan turun temurun dari nenek moyang kita<span>  </span>dan<span>  </span>keberadaannya terkait dengan budaya bangsa </span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;">Indonesia</span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;">. <span> </span>Beberapa obat yang sekarang digunakanpun<span>  </span>berbasis dari herbal atau satu kandungannya adalah berasal dari tanaman, diantarnya diperoleh melalui proses ekstraksi atau sintesis meniru komponen yang terkandung dari tanaman. </span><span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;">Indonesia</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;"> termasuk salah satu negara “<i>megadiversity</i>” yang kaya akan keanekaragaman hayati.<span>  </span>Oleh karena setiap spesies tumbuhan, hewan, dan mikro-organisme mempunyai nilai-nilai kimiawi <span> </span>dalam menghasilkan senyawa kimia yang banyak <span> </span>ragam dan<span>  </span>jumlahnya, maka keanekaragaman hayati (biodiversity) yang tersedia di </span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;">Indonesia</span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;"> dapat diartikan sebagai sumber senyawa kimia bahan alam yang sangat beranekaragam (<i>chemodiversity</i>). </span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;"><span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;">Dalam sejarah perkembangannya, bangsa </span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;">Indonesia</span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;"> telah banyak meramu <span> </span>ramuan obat dan melakukan pengobatan secara tradisional, yang juga menjadi bagian penting penemuan beberapa jenis obat. <span> </span>Namun<span>  </span>dilain pihak seringkali kepedulian terhadap sejarah <span> </span>tersebut diabaikan sehingga banyak bukti peninggalan yang tidak terdokumentasi dengan baik,<span>   </span>banyak yang hilang begitu saja dan bahkan menjadi temuan yang mendapat patent<span>  </span>internasional dari penemu bukan bangsa </span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;">Indonesia</span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;">.</span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;">Menurut definisi Departemen </span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;">Kesehatan</span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;">RI</span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;"> obat tradisional <span> </span>didefinisikan<span>  </span>sebagai <span> </span>obat jadi atau ramuan bahan alam yang berasal dari tumbuhan, hewan, mineral, <span> </span>dan campuran bahan tersebut yang secara tradisional telah digunakan untuk pengobatan berdasarkan pengalaman. <span> </span>Namun <span> </span>kenyataannya bahan obat tradisional yang berasal dari tanaman <span> </span>porsinya lebih besar dibandingkan yang berasal dari hewan atau mineral, sehingga sebutan untuk obat tradisional hampir selalu identik dengan tanaman obat karena sebagian besar obat tradisional bahan bakunya berasal dari tanaman obat. Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan terhadap pengobatan berbasis bioaktif asal tanamam mengalami peningkatan yang pesat. Makin banyak peneliti yang melakukan eksplorasi terhadap<span>  </span>tanaman obat<span>  </span>untuk mengetahui berbagai macam kandungan di dalamnya<span>  </span>dan manfaatnya bagi peningkatan kualitas peradaban/kehidupan manusia. </span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;"><span>   </span>Sampai saat ini sudah banyak tanaman obat terbukti secara empiris dalam mengobati penyakit.<span>  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;">Penemuan tanaman obat yang menunjukkan efek farmakologis terhadap<span>  </span>beberapa penyakit, seperti<span>  </span>diabetes mellitus, hipercholesterolemia, rhematoid artritis, kelainan fungsi hati, kanker dan juga antifertilitas <span> </span>mendorong beberapa peneliti untuk melakukan eksplo<i>ras</i>i bahan bioaktif dari tanaman obat tersebut. <span> </span>Untuk kepentingan hal ini<span>  </span>uji <i>praskrining</i> sampai dengan <span> </span>uji<span>  </span><i>in vitro</i> dan <i>in vivo</i> untuk mengetahui peran bioaktif<span>  </span>yang dikandungnya. Namun beberapa penelitian <span> </span>yang sudah dilakukan belum jelas menjawab mekanisme kerja obat tersebut berkaitan dengan patomekanisme penyakit yang sangat kompleks, selain itu juga disebabkan pengunaan metode yang masih <span> </span>makro<span>  </span>dan <span> </span>terbatas, sehingga teknik analisis biomolekuler menjadi satu pilihan yang<span>  </span>harus dilakukan<span>  </span>untuk mendukung obat tradisional menuju <span> </span><i>evidence based medicine</i> (EBM)</span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;">Beberapa teknik analisis biomolekuler sudah<span>  </span>dilakukan<span>  </span>dibeberapa pusat penelitian dan Perguruan Tinggi, bahkan Laboratorium di kompleks Litbang Kesehatan sudah dilengkapi peralatan yang mutakhir<span>  </span>yang mampu menganalisis<span>  </span>secara <span> </span>molekuler<span>   </span>ekspresi <span> </span>protein, enzim <span> </span>dan<span>  </span>sitokin-sitokin yang <span> </span>di <i>release</i> dan disintesis<span>  </span>selama proses penyakit itu mulai<span>  </span>berlangsung dan menjadi<span>  </span>karakter spesifik dari suatu penyakit tersebut. Untuk<span>  </span>mendukung<span>  </span>obat tradisional menuju<span>  </span><i>evidence based medicine</i> (EBM),<span>  </span><span> </span>maka<span>  </span><i>animal research</i> dan <i>laboratories studies</i> secara <i>in vitro</i> menggunakan kultur sel<span>  </span>menjadi jembatannya. </span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;">Makalah ini akan menguraikan secara ringkas pengujian obat tradisional berbasis tanaman yang <span> </span>secara empiris sudah dibuktikan mampu mengobati<i> </i>beberapa penyakit namun perlu dipelajari, namun masih perlu dilakukan penelitian-penelitian untuk menjawab <i><span>  </span>” kenapa dapat<span>  </span>menyembuhkan</i> ? ” dan <span> </span>”<i>bagaimana kerjanya pada tingkat seluler dan molekuler</i> ? ”<span>  </span>Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini membuka peluang yang lebih luas untuk mengembangkan penelitian selanjutnya <span> </span>yang orisinil.</span></p>
<p style="text-indent:26.95pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;margin:0 0 6pt;" class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;">Dalam contoh kerangka konsep teori<span> </span>menggambarkan bagaimana kandungan tanaman yang berfungsi sebagai antioksidan mampu memperbaiki derajat insulitis tikus DM<span>  </span>tipe 1 yang disiapkan dengan memberikan paparan streptozotocin<span>  </span>yang sering disingkat dengan MLD-STZ ( Multi Low Dose –Streptozotocin ) dengan dosisi 20 mg/KgBB.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;"></p>
<p style="text-indent:36pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;margin:0;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;">Penggunakan metode TUNEL dapat diketahui secara pasti sel beta pankreas yang mengalami apoptosis dari warna inti yang terlihat. Sel yang mengalami apoptosis intinya akan terlihat berwarna coklat dan bergranul karena fragmentasi DNA,<span>  </span>dengan melihat perbedaan warna inti dengan perbesaran kecil dapat dibedakan dan diketahui sel yang mengalami apoptosis. Metode TUNEL ini spesifik untuk mendeteksi apoptosis pada tiap sel dalam jaringan dengan prinsip imunohistokimia yang melabel terputusnya untai DNA. Selama apoptosis DNA yang beruntai ganda akan terfragmentasi menjadi untai tunggal mononucleosom atau oligonucleosome (<i>nicks</i>). Untai tunggal ini dapat diidentifikasi menggunakan label terminal 3’OH yang telah dimodifikasi nukleotidanya dalam reaksi enzimatis (Roche, 2004). </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;">Untuk mempelajari mamfaat lain juga dapat dipakai melalui kultur sel yang mendapat</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;"> paparan antioksidan sebagai pencegahan dan terapi kanker <span> </span>berbasis pada fungsi enzim protein kinase C-</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Symbol;"><span>a. </span></span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Symbol;"><span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Symbol;"><span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Symbol;"><span></p>
<p style="text-indent:8.55pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;margin:0;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;">Enzim PKC diketahui berperan dalam proses proliferasi dan diferensiasi berbagai sel otot polos (Itoh <i>et al</i>, 2001; Skaletz-Rorowski <i>et al</i>, 1999). Kejadian ini dikontrol oleh mekanisme genetik sebagai rangsangan sinyal ekstraseluler spesifik, yakni <i>growth factor</i> atau mitogen. Jalur yang dilalui pada transduksi sinyal untuk proliferasi sel adalah melalui pengaktifan ras → raf-1 → MEK → ERK → <i>transcriptional factor</i> di dalam inti sel seperti terlihat pada Gambar 4. <span> </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;">( Kazanietz &amp; Blumberg, 1996; Skaletz-Rorowski <i>et al</i>, 1999; Schonwasser <i>et al</i>, 1998;<span>         </span><span> </span>Mii <i>et al, </i>1996). Dari<span>  </span>Gambar 5 terlihat bahwa aktifitas dan ekpresi enzim PKC dapat dipakai untuk mengamati<span>  </span>terjadinya<span>  </span>prolifersi dan diferensiasi otot polos akibat agen infeksi dan terapinya menggunakan bioaktif yang terkandung dalam tanaman obat. </span></p>
<p style="text-indent:36pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;margin:0;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;">Peran obat tradisional<span>  </span>berbasis tanaman<span>  </span>untuk<span>  </span>pengobatan dapat dipelajari<span>  </span>juga<span>  </span>melalui ekspresi protein<span>  </span>dari kultur sel atau hewan coba bahkan pada tingkat pemakaian pada manusia dengan metode<span>  </span>elektroforesis ( SDS-PAGE) </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;">Selain teknik tekni IHK, SDS-PAGE masih ada beberap cara yang dapat digunakan , iatu dot bol, wetern blot dan ELISA</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;"></span><b><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;">Kesimpulan</span></b></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;"></span></b><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;">Dari uraian di atas dapat disimpulkan keanekaragaman hayati tanaman tropika Indonesia <span> </span>yang menjanjikan<span>   </span>untuk dikembangkan sebagai sumber obat tradisonal yang<span>  </span>potensial, namun masih <span> </span>perlu kajian <span> </span>lebih lanjut pada<span>  </span>tingkat seluler dan molekuler<span>  </span>agar dapat menjelaskan mekanisme kerja <span> </span>dalam menghambat<span>  </span>terjadinya penyakit. <span> </span>Selain itu<span>  </span>dapat digunakan<span>  </span>sebagai landasan pengembangan upaya pengobatan menggunakan bahan aktif<span>  </span>tanaman obat.<span> </span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;"><span>sumber gambar dari ramuanjamu.com   </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial;"></span></span> </p>
<p></span></span></span></span></p>
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		<title>DETECTION OF AUTOANTIBODIES GAD 65</title>
		<link>http://aulanibiochem.wordpress.com/2008/02/21/detection-of-autoantibodies-gad-65/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 21 Feb 2008 03:13:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>aulanibiochem</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[antibodi]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[DM tipe 1]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[GAD65]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Laboratorium Biokimia unibraw]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[AULANNI’AM 1,  FATCHIYAH 1,  DJOKO W. S. 2   SUTIMAN  B. 1 1Faculty of  Mathematic and Natural Sciences , Brawijaya University and  2)  Medical Faculty , Brawijaya University    ABSTRACT             Since the importance of anti-GAD65 assays to predict IDDM (Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus), therefore we observed the possibility of getting the alternative reagents and method [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=aulanibiochem.wordpress.com&amp;blog=2931645&amp;post=3&amp;subd=aulanibiochem&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><font face="Times New Roman"><u><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;">AULANNI’AM</span></u><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:150%;"> <sup>1</sup>,<span>  </span>FATCHIYAH <sup>1</sup>,<span>  </span>DJOKO W. S.<sup> 2</sup><span>   </span>SUTIMAN<span>  </span>B.<sup> 1</sup></span></font></p>
<p align="center" style="text-align:center;margin:0;" class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times New Roman"><sup><span style="font-size:11pt;">1</span></sup>Faculty of<span>  </span>Mathematic and Natural Sciences , Brawijaya University and</font></p>
<p align="center" style="text-align:center;margin:0;" class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span><b><sup>2)</sup></b><sup><span>  </span></sup>Medical Faculty , Brawijaya University</font></p>
<p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p>
<h2><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">ABSTRACT</font></h2>
<p style="text-align:justify;margin:0;" class="MsoNormal"><span><font face="Times New Roman">            </font></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;">Since the importance of anti-GAD65 assays to predict IDDM (Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus), therefore we observed the possibility of getting the alternative reagents and method for faster, more accurate and low cost diagnostic. In this observe, normal rabbits induced by anti-GAD65 from rat’s antisera, to produce antibodies to anti-GAD65 (anti-GAD65 antibodies). Antibodies collected and purified by 50% SAS, then we conjugated the purified antibodies with Alkaline Phosphatase (AP). The result of dot blotting which use GAD enzyme from bovine brain as antigen and rabbit’s antibodies are able to recognize anti-GAD65 both from rat’s antisera and pre-diabetic patient’s sera. This evidence explain that there is a possibility to use GAD65 enzyme and anti-GAD65 antibodies conjugated AP as diagnostic reagent for IDDM prediction. GAD65 enzyme as diagnostic reagent has optimum sensitivity in 1/50 (enzyme : phosphate buffer) and anti-GAD antibodies conjugated AP has optimum sensitivity in 1/150 (antisera : TBS) as secondary antibodies.</span></p>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 21 Feb 2008 03:06:59 +0000</pubDate>
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